Abstract: Compared with the current optical cable protection technology, the distributed optical fiber sensing has the advantages of low cost, high sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference, reusability, distributed continuous measurement, etc. Therefore, this paper proposed a method of distributed optical fiber sensing based railway communication optical cable stealing and excavating alarm. In this method, the time domain features and wavelet domain features of vibration signals were extracted as feature vectors to identify the types of vibration events in the process of stealing and excavating.At the same time, a two-level vibration pattern recognition scheme was designed. Under normal circumstances, the system only monitored the time-domain features. When the value of the domain features exceeded the set threshold value, the wavelet domain features were combined for pattern recognition. The proposed method can reduce a lot of complex wavelet transform calculation and improve the timeliness of the algorithm.