Abstract: Digitization, networking, and intelligence constitute the fundamental characteristics of railway new productive force, and data security is an important guarantee for ensuring the sustainable development of new productive force. With the widespread application of artificial intelligence technology in the railway industry, the progress of related technologies has significantly improved the efficiency and safety of railway operations, while also exposed the urgent need to pay attention to data security issues. This paper combined the intelligent application scenarios of railways to analyze the data security risks and protection requirements in railways, introduced data security and protection technologies such as data desensitization, privacy computing, and data encryption, and explores the application of these technologies in railway business scenarios. It elaborated on the current development direction of railway data security and protection technology, pointed out that with the increasing complexity of data and the rapid development of artificial intelligence and big models, railway data security was facing more severe challenges. The research results aim to provide technical support for railway data security and protection work, and help the railway industry establish a more secure and reliable data protection system in the process of intelligent transformation.