Abstract: Studying the key technologies and applications of railway large vision model has profound significance for coordinating and promoting the development of railway artificial intelligence. This paper relied on the computing power and large model support components of the railway artificial intelligence platform to propose an architecture design concept from the basic large model to the railway large vision model and then to the railway scenario large vision model. Based on a basic large model, the paper designed a model training framework, and used model pruning and multi-scale reasoning techniques to ensure inference speed and accuracy, implemented the construction of a railway large vision model. The paper also proposed the application scenarios of railway large vision model, and selected the intelligent recognition scenario of line environment safety management and control to verify the capabilities of this large vision model. The experimental results show that the railway large vision model performs excellently in detecting small targets in complex backgrounds and has good application prospects. It will play a more important role in railway transportation safety, mobile equipment detection, railway passenger and freight transport services, and other business domain.