Abstract: With the continuous integration and development of digital intelligent technologies and heavy haul transportation, there is still a lack of a scientific and sound quantitative evaluation system, which makes it difficult to accurately measure the comprehensive operation level of enterprises. To address this problem, this paper constructed a comprehensive operation index system for heavy haul railway transportation from four dimensions: market supply demand relationship, transportation corridor competition, enterprise transportation production, and enterprise operation status, to characterize the external environmental adaptability and internal operation efficiency of heavy haul transportation enterprises. This study integrated the objective weighting advantage of the entropy weight method and the multi dimensional ranking advantage of the TOPSIS method, and established a comprehensive operation index model to improve the objectivity and accuracy of operation evaluation. It study carried out empirical analysis using the operational data of four typical heavy haul transportation enterprises from 2020 to 2024 as samples. The results show that there are gaps in the operation levels among the sample enterprises, and their operational fluctuation trends share common characteristics under the influence of external macro environment. This study provides a reliable quantitative tool for accurate diagnosis and operation optimization of heavy haul transportation industry.