Abstract: The security work around high-speed railway based on ground monitoring and investigation has the problems of low efficiency and large labor consumption. The advantages of aerospace optical remote sensing technology, such as wide detection range, no geographical restrictions and multi information integration, provide a new idea for the high-speed railway surrounding environment monitoring work.This paper analyzed the high-speed railway surrounding environment monitoring technology based on aerospace optical remote sensing, summarized the concept and characteristics of aerospace optical remote sensing technology, focused on the technical characteristics and safety monitoring application status of the three types of remote sensing systems of UAV, aerostat and optical imaging satellite. And combined with the high-speed railway surrounding environmental governance needs, the paper prospected the application prospect of space optical remote sensing technology in high-speed railway security.